各向异性透明晶体如方解石、石英等的折射率，是其固有的特性，称为永久双折射。If the electric area has the course from the optical axis, a single obtains the incredible index ne. This can be done only if the propagation way (far more precisely, the path on the k vector) is perpendicular for the optical axis. For the
Radiation induced recharging of Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions in Ce and Nd doped yttrium-aluminium garnet crystals was observed. This result is determined by the Ce3+ ion concentration and the kind of ionizing radiation.Deploying modern photonic alternatives designed to support tomorrow’s tactical mission needs currently.Nd:Ce:YAG is a superb laser material